Inter‐annual changes of alpine inland lake water storage on the Tibetan Plateau: Detection and analysis by integrating satellite altimetry and optical imagery          下载免费PDF全文

Chunqiao Song  Bo Huang  Linghong Ke 《水文研究》2014,28(4):2411-2418

The effects of climate change have a substantial influence on the extremely vulnerable hydrologic environment of the Tibetan Plateau. The estimation of alpine inland lake water storage variations is essential to modeling the alpine hydrologic process and evaluating water resources. Due to a lack of historical hydrologic observations in this remote and inaccessible region, such estimations also fill a gap in studies on the continuous inter‐annual and seasonal changes in the inland lake water budget. Using Lake Siling Co as a case study, we derived a time‐series of lake surface extents from MODIS imagery, and scarce lake water level data from the satellite altimetry of two sensors (ICESat/GLAS and ENVISAT RA‐2) between 2001 and 2011. Then, based on the fact that the rise in lake water levels is tightly dependent on the expansion of the lake extent, we established an empirical model to simulate a continuous lake water level dataset corresponding to the lake area data during the lake's unfreezing period. Consequently, from three dimensions, the lake surface area, water level and water storage variations consistently revealed that Lake Siling Co exhibited a dramatic trend to expand, particularly from 2001 to 2006. Based on the statistical model and lake area measurements from Landsat images since 1972, the extrapolated lake water level and water storage indicate that the lake has maintained a continual expansion process and that the cumulative water storage variations during 1999–2011 account for 66.84% of the total lake water budget (26.87 km³) from 1972 to 2011. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Remotely sensed surface temperature variation of an inland saline lake over the central Qinghai–Tibet Plateau     

《ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing》2014

Research on surface water temperature (SWT) variations in large lakes over the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) has been limited by lack of in situ measurements. By taking advantage of the increased availability of remotely sensed observations, this study investigated SWT variation of Siling Co in central QTP by processing complete MODIS Land surface temperature (LST) images over the lake covering from 2001 to 2013. The temporal (diurnal, intra-annul and inter-annul) variations of Siling Co SWT as well as the spatial patterns were analyzed. The results show that on average from late December to mid-April the lake is in a mixing state of water and ice and drastic diurnal temperature differences occur, especially along the shallow shoreline areas. The extent of spatial variations in monthly SWT ranges from 1.25 °C to 3.5 °C, and particularly large at nighttime and in winter months. The spatial patterns of annual average SWT were likely impacted by the cooling effect of river inflow from the west and east side of the lake. The annual cycle of spatial pattern of SWT is characterized by seasonal reversions between the shallow littoral regions and deep parts due to different heat capacity. Compared to the deep regions, the littoral shallow shoreline areas warms up quickly in spring and summer, and cool down drastically in autumn and winter, showing large diurnal and seasonal variation amplitudes of SWT. Two cold belt zones in the western and eastern side of the lake and warm patches along the southwestern and northeastern shorelines are shaped by the combined effects of the lakebed topography and river runoff. Overall, the lake-averaged SWT increased at a rate of 0.26 °C/decade during 2001–2013. Faster increase of temperature was found at nighttime (0.34 °C/decade) and in winter and spring, consistent with the asymmetric warming pattern over land areas reported in prior studies. The rate of temperature increase over Siling Co is remarkably lower than that over Bangoin station, which is probably attributable to the large heat capacity of water and partly reflects the sensitive of alpine saltwater lake to climate change.  相似文献   

Efficient digitizing through the combination of appropriate hardware and software for error detection and editing     

NICHOLAS R. CHRISMAN 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(3):265-277

Abstract

Digitizing still remains a major bottle-neck in the creation of geographical data bases. This paper examines procedures and equipment used in the Dane County Land Records Project as a tutorial for others interested in digitizing maps. Topological structure, determined from ‘spaghetti and meatballs’, detects the important errors and provides a basis for efficiency (in time and cost). For manual digitizing, a simple system of capture running on cheap hardware may be as effective as an expensive workstation. Scanning technology, which used to be expensive, has now become practical, as is shown by an experimental scanner used in this project.  相似文献   

西藏台错沉积记录与更新世晚期—全新世气候变化     

郑绵平  刘俊英  庞其清  马志邦  王海雷  马妮娜 《地质学报》2012,86(1):104-131

西藏西部台错湖T1阶地的两个剖面沉积中,除下部10余厘米含碳化植物和50-70 cm处为暗色碳酸盐粘土及粘土外,中、上部全系粘土碳酸盐层,含丰富的介形类和轮藻类。据碳酸盐、介形类、轮藻类的碳、氧稳定同位素值与微体古生物群落生态特征等提供的环境气候变化指标,指示该区距今41.4~4.5 ka BP间气候变化为：在41.4~26.2 ka BP气候较湿润;26.2~25.5 ka BP偏暖稍干;25.5~22.5 ka BP气候暖湿;22.5~21.0 ka BP气候偏冷湿;20.5~17.5 ka BP气候骤冷、偏湿,反映本区处于末次冰期盛冰期;17.5~16.0 ka BP偏冷偏干;16.0~11.8 ka BP气候偏暖湿,为全球间歇性暖事件的响应;11.8~10.4 ka BP气候较冷干,大致相当于新仙女木期,10.4 ka BP气温开始回升;10.4~9.4 ka BP气候偏暖湿;9.4~8.5 ka BP气候呈现短暂暖湿颤动;8.5~7.9 ka BP气候偏干冷,为冰后期强烈降温偏干事件;7.8~6.3 ka BP气候偏暖湿;6.3~4.5 ka BP气候趋向冷干,4.5 ka BP记录到晚更新世晚期以来最大的干燥期。  相似文献   

Evolution of an Ancient Large Lake in the Southeast of the Northern Tibetan Plateau   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

ZHU Dagang  MENG Xiangang  ZHAO Xitao  SHAO Zhaogang  XU Zufeng  YANG Chaobin  MA Zhibang  WU Zhonghai  WU Zhenhan  WANG Jianping Institute of Geomechanics  Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences  Beijing  Institute of Geology  Geophysics  Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing Jiangxi Institute of Geological Survey  Nanchang  Jiangxi Tibet Bureau of Land  Resources  Lhas  Tibet 《《地质学报》英文版》2004,78(4):982-992

Nam Co is the largest (1920 km2 in area) and highest (4718 m above sea level) lake in Tibet. According to the discovery of lake terraces and highstand lacustrine deposits at several places in Nam Co and its adjacent areas, the authors confirm the existence of an ancient large lake in the southeastern part of the northern Tibetan Plateau. On the basis of the U-series, 14C and ESR dating, coupled with the levelling survey of lake deposits and geomorphology, the evolutionary process of the ancient large lake in the southeastern part of the northern Tibetan Plateau may fall into three stages: (1) the ancient large lake stage at 115-40 ka BP, when the ancient lake level was 140-26 m above the level of present Nam Co; (2) the outflow lake stage at 40-30 ka BP, when the ancient level was 26-19 m above the present lake level; and (3) the Nam Co stage since 30 ka BP, when the ancient lake level was < 19 m above the present lake level. During the ancient large lake stage, a large number of modern large, medium-siz  相似文献   

Transformation,partitioning and flow–deposit interactions during the run‐out of megaflows          下载免费PDF全文

Claus Fallgatter  Ben Kneller  Paulo S. G. Paim  Juan P. Milana 《Sedimentology》2017,64(2):359-387

Four megabeds (I to IV) were recognized throughout the Cerro Bola inlier, a glacially influenced depositional area of the Carboniferous Paganzo Basin, south‐western La Rioja Province, Argentina. Such anomalous thick beds are associated with the collapse of an unstable basin margin after periods of large meltwater discharge and sediment accumulation. Failure of these previously deposited sediments triggered mass flows and associated turbidity currents into the basin. Megabed I is up to 188 m thick and was deposited during a transgressive stage by re‐sedimentation of ice‐rafted debris. Also part of the transgressive stage, Megabeds II, III and IV are up to 9 m thick and are associated with a dropstone‐free period of flooding. Megabeds were subdivided into three divisions (1 to 3) that represent a spectrum of flow properties and rheologies, indicative of a wide range of grain support mechanisms. These divisions are proposed as an idealized deposit that may or may not be completely present; the Cerro Bola megabeds thus display bipartite or tripartite organization, each division inferred to reflect a rheologically distinct phase of flow. Division 1 is a basal layer that consists of clast‐supported and matrix‐supported, pebble conglomerate, rarely followed by weak normally graded to ungraded, very coarse‐ to coarse‐grained sandstone. This lower interval is interpreted to be the deposit of a concentrated density flow and is absent in bipartite megabeds. Division 2 is represented by a mud‐rich sandstone matrix with dispersed granule to pebble‐size crystalline and mudstone clasts. It also includes fragments of sandstone up to boulder size, as well as rafts of cohesive muddy material and wood fragments. Division 2 is interpreted to be a result of debris‐flow deposition. A debrite‐related topography, resulting from the freezing of high yield strength material, captures and partially confines the succeeding upper division 3, which fills the topographic lows and pinches out against topographic highs. Division 3 is rich in mudstone chips and consists of very coarse‐grained, dirty sandstones grading upward to siltstones and mudstones. It is interpreted to be a deposit of a co‐genetic turbidity current. Spectral gamma ray and petrographic analyses indicate that both debrite and co‐genetic turbidite have high depositional mud content and are of similar composition. One of the megabeds is correlated with an initial slump‐derived debris flow, which suggests that the mass flow becomes partitioned both at the top, generating a co‐genetic turbidity current and, at the base, segregating into a concentrated density flow that seems to behave as a gravelly traction carpet.  相似文献   

班公湖—怒江成矿带商旭造山型金矿床Ⅲ号矿段深部找矿潜力研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

刘洪  李光明  黄瀚霄  张智林  肖万峰  焦彦杰  梁生贤  郭境  兰双双 《地质学报》2017,91(6):1245-1258

西藏双湖县商旭造山型金矿床位于班公湖—怒江缝合带中段,矿体受NWW向的脆—韧性断裂构造控制,呈似层状、脉状产于中—下侏罗统木嘎岗日群混杂岩中。围岩为炭质板岩、变石英砂岩等。矿石类型主要为石英脉型和构造蚀变岩型,矿石构造以细脉状和角砾状为主,矿石矿物为自然金。矿床学与同位素地球化学研究认为木嘎岗日群含金建造为商旭金矿提供了主要物质来源,NWW向脆—韧性断裂构造为含金热液的运移和金的沉淀供了运输通道和就位空间,羌塘南缘早白垩世构造—岩浆活动为含金热液的运移提供了热动力,矿区内NWW向构造破碎带中变形强烈,具黄铁矿化、硅化蚀变的地段,为本矿区的找矿有利地区。土壤地球化学调查显示,Ⅲ号矿段南部,T-4、T-5异常区域具有较好的找矿潜力;电法测深资料显示,Ⅲ号矿段的控矿构造在深部还有延伸,并可能与区域较深大的断裂相连。综合分析认为,Ⅲ_(1-2)号矿体在标高4200m以下还具有较大的找矿潜力,通过进一步地质勘查工作,有望提高金资源量,扩大矿床规模。同时,初步总结了商旭造山型金矿床"找矿三步组合拳"的勘查工作方法。  相似文献   

ICP-AES法同时测定红土型镍矿中镍、钴、铁、镁研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张丽微  徐玉蓉  张微  李伟平 《云南地质》2010,29(3):346-350

通过选择分析谱线、处理样品方法和消除干扰因素等实验,建立ICP-AES法同时测定红土型镍矿中镍、钴、铁、镁4种元素的方法,解决利用常规化学法测定步骤繁琐,分析周期长,工作量大等问题,方法回收率为99.2%-105%,精密度（RSDn=10）为0.42%-3.89%。  相似文献   

西藏色林错12ka以来的湖泊退缩过程——基于古湖岸线的OSL测年     

薛蕾  张振卿  刘维明  吕同艳  孙继敏 《地质科学》2010,45(2):428-439

青藏高原内陆封闭湖泊的水体演化是古气候变化的良好地质载体,其中湖泊古湖岸线变迁蕴含了丰富的地质信息,对其识别和研究是认识导致湖泊退缩的气候或构造变化的关键。色林错是青藏高原第二大内陆湖泊,保存了一系列古湖岸线。我们对色林错东北岸保存完好的古湖岸线进行了研究。对这些古湖岸线样品中的石英颗粒使用单片再生法(Singlealiquot regeneration)进行OSL测年,测定年龄分别为12.2±0.8 ka、6.3±0.4 ka和2.3±0.2 ka。表明色林错在约12.2 ka、6.3 ka和2.3 ka±至少出现了3次阶段性湖泊收缩过程。  相似文献   

青藏高原典型下垫面的土壤温湿特征   总被引：16，自引：4，他引：12  

杨健  马耀明 《冰川冻土》2012,34(4):813-820

利用中国科学院纳木错站、 珠峰站和藏东南站2007年土壤温湿度的观测资料, 分别分析了这3个不同下垫面下观测站的土壤温湿度分布的时空特征.结果显示:3个站土壤温度的年变化和年平均的日变化趋势基本相同, 与太阳辐射变化特征一致; 它们在冻结深度和冻结时间上差别较大; 下垫面特征、 土壤的冻结消融及其物理性质的差异使3个站表现出了不同的土壤湿度变化特征; 3个站均表现为在某一深度有一个高含水层, 土壤消融(冻结)使土壤湿度迅速增大(减小).  相似文献